6.207/14.15: Networks Lecture 15: Repeated Games and Cooperation Daron Acemoglu and Asu Ozdaglar MIT November 2, 2009 1. Playing games with your friends is so much fun but can be quite costly due to the average price of a new video game that hits store shelves. In this list, we look at 15 free co-op games that deliver on a fun gameplay experience while also costing you absolutely nothing. Prisoners’ Dilemma games that the equilibrium outcome is the one that gives the lowest joint pay-o. Exercise 6 (An example of the Tragedy of Commons, by Kim Swales) Show how the phenomena of over shing can be represented as a Prisoners’ Dilemma. (hint: set up the game with two players, each of which can undertake low or high shing activity).
Game study is the study of strategic interaction where one player’s decision depends on what the other player does. What the opponent does also depends upon what he thinks the first player will do.
Examples of Game Theory
- Both players have a dominant strategy.
A DOMINANT strategy occurs when there is an optimal choice of strategy for each player no matter what the other does.
- If P2 chooses left P1 will choose UP
- If P2 chooses right P1 will choose UP
- Therefore UP is a dominant strategy for P1
P2 will always choose right no matter what P1 does
The unique equilibrium is (up, left). This is best for both
- One player has a dominant strategy
PIGLET
Push lever wait for swill
Push lever 8,-2 1,7
PIG
Wait for swill 10,-2 0,0
- piglet will always wait
- Pig will have to push
Nash Equilibrium
There are many games which don’t have a dominant strategy.
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Definition: A Nash equilibrium occurs when the payoff to player one is the best given the other’s choice.
In this case If P1 chooses down, P2 will choose right Shrek xbox game walkthrough.
If P1 choose UP, P2 will choose right. But, if P2 choose right, P1 will want to choose down.
The nash equilibirum will be down right, (5,5) despite UP left being the optimal Pareto outcome.
Collusion and game theory
- If firms are competitive and they set low price -they will both make £4m.
- If they collude and set high price, then they will both double their profits and make £8m.
- However, if during collusion, firm A undercuts the collusive price and sets a low price – it is able to sell more. In this case, firm A benefits from the best of both worlds. Prices are high because firm B is setting high price, but firm A is also selling large quantity because it is undercutting its rival. In this case, firm A makes £10m and firm B only makes £2m.
- Therefore, firm B is unlikely to keep prices high and the market reverts to both setting low prices.
The optimal outcome for the firms is to collude (high price, high price)
Repeated Games and Game Theory
If games are repeated then there is the possibility of punishing people for cheating, this will provide an incentive for sticking to the Pareto optimal approach.
However, if they are repeated a finite number of times then there will be an incentive to cheat. If the game is played 10 times then the player will defect on the 10th round so why cooperate. So, therefore, you may as well defect on round 9 and so round 8 as well
If it is played an infinite number of times then it will be different. The best strategy then is to play tit for tat. If a player defects in one round you retaliate in the next round. In other words, you do whatever your opponent does and this is an incentive to enforce the cartel.
Game Theory: A game of entry deterrence
If a new firm enters the market then the payoff will depend on whether the incumbent fights or accepts. If the incumbent fights they both get 0. If it does not fight then the incumbent gets 1 and the entrant gets 2. Therefore the equilibrium is for the new firm to enter and the incumbent to accept.
However, if the incumbent can give a credible threat that he will fight then he may be able to persuade the entrant to stay out. He could do this by investing in extra capacity, which would give him a bigger payoff in a price war. This would deter entry. So although the monopolist would never use this he would prevent entry.
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Game theory and the kinked demand curve
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Game Theory can be used for pricing strategies.
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In oligopoly firms may be deciding whether to cut prices, increase prices or keep them static.
The kinked demand curve model suggests the most likely outcome is for price stability. This is because
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- If firms increase the price, others don’t – Therefore demand falls significantly. (demand is elastic)
- If firms cut price, you would gain an increase in market share. Other firms don’t want to allow this. Therefore, they cut prices as well. Basically causing a price war where everybody loses out.
Therefore, in oligopoly, an important feature of firms decisions is the impact of interdependence. Half life 1 pc cheats. Decisions of one firm significantly impact on others.
Related
- Game theory – reducing the price of playstations